"Jane Eyre" "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë , first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Currer Bell, is a seminal work in English literature and a classic of the Victorian era. The novel blends elements of social criticism, Gothic mystery, and a strong, emotional morality tale. It is renowned for its exploration of the struggles of its eponymous heroine, Jane Eyre, against the social norms of the time. The story is presented as an autobiography of Jane Eyre, who begins her tale as an orphan being raised by a cruel, wealthy aunt. After enduring a harsh childhood at her aunt's home and then at a boarding school where she faces isolation and poor treatment, Jane grows up to become a governess at Thornfield Hall. Here, she meets the dark and impassioned Mr. Rochester, with whom she falls in love, unaware of the secret he hides within his home. ...
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"Don Quixote" "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes , first published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, is widely regarded as one of the foundational works of modern Western literature and the first modern novel. This seminal work is celebrated for its satirical edge and deep, enduring humor, which skewers the chivalric traditions and class structures of Cervantes' time. The novel recounts the adventures of Alonso Quixano, an older gentleman from the region of La Mancha in central Spain. Obsessed with the chivalric romances he has read, he loses his sanity and decides to become a knight-errant, renaming himself Don Quixote. He dons an old suit of armor, declares a simple farm girl, Aldonza Lorenzo, to be his noble lady under the name Dulcinea del Toboso, and sets out on his old horse, Rocinante, to right wrongs and defend the helpless. Don Quixote...
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"The Brothers Karamazov" "The Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky, first published in 1880, is the final novel by the Russian author and is considered one of the pinnacle achievements in world literature. This sprawling, expansive novel delves deeply into questions concerning God, free will, and morality, engaging with profound philosophical and theological debates through the lives of its complex characters. The narrative centers on the tumultuous lives of the Karamazov family: the father, Fyodor Pavlovich, and his three sons, Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha. Each son represents different aspects of philosophical thought and spiritual belief. Dmitri, the eldest, struggles with his passions and desires, often finding himself torn between the sensual life and a more spiritual path. Ivan, the middle son, is an intellectual and a skeptic, famous for his poem "The Grand Inquisitor," which questions the jus...
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"Invisible Man" "Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison , published in 1952, is a seminal work in American literature that explores the complex social and identity issues facing African-Americans in the early to mid-20th century. This novel, which won the National Book Award in 1953, uses a blend of realism, surrealism, and existentialism to delve into the personal and societal struggles of its protagonist, known only as the Invisible Man, who describes himself as invisible because people refuse to see him. The story is told from the first-person perspective of the Invisible Man, who narrates his journey from the South to Harlem in New York City, and his experiences along the way which shape his understanding of race and individuality. The novel begins with him living in a basement full of light bulbs in Harlem, reflecting on his life and the events that led him to his...
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"Beloved" "Beloved" by Toni Morrison , first published in 1987, is a profound and haunting novel that delves into the brutal legacy of slavery in the United States. This Pulitzer Prize-winning work is often considered Morrison's masterpiece and stands as a monumental achievement in American literature, examining the psychological and cultural impact of slavery on African Americans during and after the Civil War. The story is set in 1873 and revolves around Sethe, a former slave who has fled to Cincinnati, Ohio, where she lives with her daughter Denver and her mother-in-law Baby Suggs in a house known as 124. The house is haunted by a malevolent spirit believed to be the ghost of Sethe's dead daughter, known only as Beloved. The novel begins when Paul D, another former slave from the Sweet Home plantation where Sethe was ens...
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"The Lord of the Rings" "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien , published in three volumes between 1954 and 1955, is one of the most famous and influential works of fantasy literature in the 20th century. It is often credited with reviving interest in the fantasy genre and setting the standard for its modern form. The narrative is a continuation of Tolkien's earlier work, "The Hobbit," and is set in the fictional world of Middle-earth. The story centers on the quest to destroy the One Ring, which was forged by the dark lord Sauron to control other rings of power and dominate Middle-earth. The ring has the ability to corrupt its bearers, and Sauron seeks it to regain his full power after being defeated in an earlier age. The protagonist, Frodo Baggins, a hobbit from the Shire, inherits the ring from his cousin Bilbo and is charged with the daunting task of destroying it by castin...
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"The Catcher in the Rye" "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger , first published in 1951, is a defining work of 20th-century American literature, particularly renowned for its portrayal of teenage angst and alienation. The novel is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old who has just been expelled from prep school and is grappling with the complexities of adulthood and his own turbulent emotions. As the story unfolds, Holden describes a series of events over a few days after leaving his school, Pencey Prep, before he is expected to go home for Christmas break. Filled with disdain for the "phoniness" of the adult world, Holden searches for authenticity and truth but finds himself increasingly disillusioned. His journey takes him back to his hometown, New York City, where he tries to connect with a series of people, each interaction ending in disappointment. Holden's narr...
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"Crime and Punishment" "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoevsky , first published in 1866, is a foundational work of modern literature and a profound psychological exploration of morality, guilt, and redemption. The novel is set in St. Petersburg, Russia, and focuses on the life of Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a former student deeply impoverished and disconnected from society, who concocts a plan to improve his circumstances by committing a murder. Raskolnikov's theory, which drives him to commit the crime, is based on a kind of utilitarian philosophy. He believes that certain superior individuals have the moral right to commit crimes if their actions could ultimately contribute to their self-improvement or societal benefit. Raskolnikov tests this hypothesis by murdering an unscrupulous pawnbroker, thinking that the elimination of such a worthless person could be justified by the greater go...
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"War and Peace" "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy , first published in 1869, is a monumental novel in the world of literature, known for its intricate narrative, deep philosophical insight, and detailed portrayal of 19th-century Russian society. Often cited as one of the greatest novels ever written, "War and Peace" weaves together historical events with fictional characters in an expansive exploration of humanity's enduring struggles and triumphs. The novel is set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars, particularly focusing on the period from 1805 to 1820. It follows the lives of four aristocratic Russian families—the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, and the Kuragins. Their personal lives, fortunes, and tales of love, loss, and growth are set against the larger tapestry of Russian society during a time of war and upheaval. One of the central cha...
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"Moby Dick" "Moby Dick" by Herman Melville , first published in 1851, is an epic American novel often hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time. The novel's full title is "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale," and it explores complex themes of obsession, revenge, and the human condition through the tale of a perilous whaling voyage. The story is narrated by Ishmael, a sailor who joins the whaling ship Pequod, commanded by the enigmatic and tyrannical Captain Ahab. Ahab's life and narrative are dominated by his obsession with Moby Dick, the great white whale. Moby Dick is a formidable creature, enormously large and powerful, who on a previous whaling voyage destroyed Ahab's ship and bit off his leg at the knee. Ahab's pursuit of the whale becomes a personal crusade to exact revenge at any cost, reflecting his monomaniaca...
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"One Hundred Years of Solitude" "One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez , first published in 1967, is a seminal work that has become one of the most influential novels in world literature. Written in Spanish and originally titled "Cien años de soledad," the novel is widely regarded as the foremost example of magical realism, a genre in which magical elements are a natural part of an otherwise mundane, realistic environment. The story is set in the fictional town of Macondo, located somewhere in the Colombian rainforest, and it chronicles the lives of the Buendía family over seven generations. The founder of the town, José Arcadio Buendía, and his wife, Úrsula Iguarán, dream of a prosperous future for their family. However, as the novel progresses, it becomes clear that the family is trapped in a cycle of repeating the same mistakes, with each generation mirroring the fortunes and misfortune...
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"The Great Gatsby" "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald , first published in 1925, is one of the most celebrated novels in American literature. Set during the Roaring Twenties—an era of dramatic social and political change—the novel is renowned for its sharp critique of the American Dream and provides a critical examination of the American upper classes. The story is narrated by Nick Carraway, a young man from Minnesota who moves to New York in the summer of 1922 to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in the West Egg district of Long Island, a wealthy but unfashionable area populated by the new rich, a group who have made their fortunes too recently to have established social connections. Nick's next-door neighbor in West Egg is a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby, who lives in a gigantic Gothic mansion and throws extravagant parties every Saturday...
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"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, first published in 1813, is one of the most cherished novels in English literature. Known for its wit, its insightful commentary on English social classes, and its exploration of the expectations placed on women in the early 19th century, the novel remains a favorite among readers for its depth and humor. The story is set in rural England and follows the life of Elizabeth Bennet, one of five sisters, as her family navigates issues of marriage, morality, and misconceptions. Elizabeth's intelligent, lively, and witty personality makes her an endearing protagonist who challenges the conventions of her time. The narrative centers on the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, a wealthy, proud, and seemingly aloof gentleman. The plot unfolds as Elizabeth and her sisters, whose family lacks a male heir, must marry well to secure their financial futures. This urgent n...
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1984 "1984" is a dystopian novel by George Orwell, first published in 1949. It's one of the most influential works of the 20th century, often cited for its profound insights into the nature of totalitarianism, surveillance, and individual autonomy under oppressive regimes. The novel is set in Airstrip One (formerly known as Great Britain), a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, and public manipulation. The society is overseen by the Party, led by a figure known as Big Brother, whose face appears on posters everywhere with the text, "Big Brother is watching you." The Party works to ensure that nobody can ever rebel by altering historical records to fit its propaganda and implementing a language called Newspeak, which is designed to prevent rebellious thoughts—the concept of thoughtcrime, ...
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"To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee - A novel about racial injustice in the American South "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee - A novel about racial injustice in the American South. "1984" by George Orwell - A dystopian novel about a society under totalitarian rule. "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen - A romantic novel centered around manners, upbringing, morality, and marriage. "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald - A critique of the American Dream set in the Jazz Age. "One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez - A magical realist novel that explores the Buendía family's history over several generations. "Moby Dick" by Herman Melville - An epic sea story of Captain Ahab's quest to catch the white whale. "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy - A historical novel that follows Russian aristocratic families during the Napoleonic Wars. "Crime a...